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              2019年福建專(zhuān)升本考試公共基礎(chǔ)課《無(wú)機(jī)與分析化學(xué)》考試大綱

              2019-01-15
              來(lái)源:專(zhuān)升本社區(qū)
              閱讀 2849
              導(dǎo)讀:2019年福建專(zhuān)升本考試公共基礎(chǔ)課《無(wú)機(jī)與分析化學(xué)》考試大綱

              2015年福建省專(zhuān)升本考試公共基礎(chǔ)課考試大綱

               

              《無(wú)機(jī)與分析化學(xué)》考試大綱

              一、課程性質(zhì)與考試基本要求:

              無(wú)機(jī)與分析化學(xué)是介紹整個(gè)化學(xué)領(lǐng)域和定量分析基本概念、基本理論、基本知識(shí)的一門(mén)學(xué)科,是生物類(lèi)專(zhuān)業(yè)重要的專(zhuān)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課。通過(guò)考試使考生能夠較好地、系統(tǒng)地掌握四大化學(xué)平衡,物質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)等化學(xué)基本理論和基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。通過(guò)考試,使學(xué)生能較熟練地掌握定量分析的誤差及分析結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)處理與主要定量分析法。

               

              二、考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)和考核要求:

              第一章:溶液與膠體

              (一)溶液的一般概念

              了解分散系的分類(lèi),掌握物質(zhì)的量的濃度、質(zhì)量摩爾濃度、質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)等概念;

              理解幾種濃度表示法間的換算,掌握有關(guān)溶液配制的計(jì)算。

              (二)稀溶液的依數(shù)性

              1、了解溶液的蒸氣壓、沸點(diǎn)、凝固點(diǎn)概念,滲透作用和滲透壓;

              2、掌握稀溶液依數(shù)性與其濃度的關(guān)系,并能進(jìn)行有關(guān)計(jì)算,能運(yùn)用稀溶液性質(zhì)解釋動(dòng)植物的有關(guān)生理現(xiàn)象。

              (三)膠體溶液

              1、了解膠體分散系的特點(diǎn)及溶膠的膠團(tuán)結(jié)構(gòu);

              2、掌握溶膠的穩(wěn)定性因素和聚沉方法。

              第二章:電解質(zhì)溶液和解離平衡

              (一)化學(xué)平衡及其移動(dòng)

              理解掌握平衡常數(shù)、平衡常數(shù)的意義及影響平衡移動(dòng)的因素;

              (二)弱電解質(zhì)和強(qiáng)電解質(zhì)

              了解:①水的電離和溶液的酸堿性的pH標(biāo)度;②一元弱酸、弱堿部分解離、多元弱酸的分步解離特點(diǎn)及弱酸弱堿溶液的pH值的計(jì)算公式及應(yīng)用范圍;③鹽類(lèi)水解的本質(zhì)。

              掌握:①一元弱酸、一元弱堿溶液的pH值的計(jì)算和多元弱酸溶液pH值的計(jì)算;②定性判斷各種鹽溶液的酸堿性;③影響鹽類(lèi)水解的因素。

              (三)緩沖溶液

              了解緩沖溶液和緩沖作用;

              掌握緩沖作用原理、緩沖溶液pH值的計(jì)算、緩沖溶液的選擇和配制;

              (四)沉淀溶解平衡

              掌握溶度積概念及其表達(dá)式、溶度積規(guī)則;

              理解沉淀生成和溶解的條件,能運(yùn)用溶度積進(jìn)行有關(guān)計(jì)算。

              第三章:氧化還原反應(yīng)

              (一)氧化還原反應(yīng)

              了解氧化還原反應(yīng)的本質(zhì)、氧化作用、還原作用、氧化劑、還原劑的概念及氧化數(shù)的確定方法;

              了解氧化數(shù)法和離子電子法配平氧化還原方程式的一般步驟;

              掌握運(yùn)用上述方法配平氧化還原方程式

              (二)電極電勢(shì)

              了解能斯特方程,能正確書(shū)寫(xiě)能斯特方程;

              掌握電極電勢(shì)的概念及其影響因素,能熟練運(yùn)用能斯特方程計(jì)算因濃度變化、酸堿度變化條件下的電極電勢(shì)和定性判斷因沉淀生成、配合物生成導(dǎo)致的電極電勢(shì)變化。

              (三)電極電勢(shì)的應(yīng)用

              能應(yīng)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電極電勢(shì)判斷氧化劑和還原劑的強(qiáng)弱,能用電極電位判斷氧化還原反應(yīng)的方向和完成程度;

              能運(yùn)用元素電位圖判斷處于中間價(jià)態(tài)物質(zhì)能否發(fā)生歧化。

              第四章:原子結(jié)構(gòu)和分子結(jié)構(gòu)

              (一)核外電子運(yùn)動(dòng)的特殊性

              了解四個(gè)量子數(shù)的物理意義和取值范圍及相互關(guān)系;

              理解掌握電子運(yùn)動(dòng)的特點(diǎn)、軌道概念,幾率密度和電子云概念;

              (二)核外電子的排布

              了解屏蔽效應(yīng)、穿透效應(yīng),掌握保里不相容原理、能量最低原理、洪特規(guī)則等元素基態(tài)原子核外電子排布規(guī)則;

              能運(yùn)用上述規(guī)則寫(xiě)出常見(jiàn)元素(1-36號(hào))原子核外的電子排布。

              (三)元素性質(zhì)的周期性

              了解元素的電子層結(jié)構(gòu)、能級(jí)組、能級(jí)、軌道等概念;

              理解掌握原子半徑、電離勢(shì)、電負(fù)性的變化規(guī)律。

              (四)離子鍵

              了解離子鍵的本質(zhì)和離子鍵特征;

              理解掌握離子半徑、離子電荷的變化規(guī)律;

              運(yùn)用離子半徑、離子電荷解釋離子型化合物的高熔、沸點(diǎn)等性質(zhì)。

              (五)共價(jià)鍵

              了解價(jià)鍵(電子配對(duì))理論,共價(jià)鍵的特性;

              理解掌握σ鍵和π鍵,軌道雜化理論的要點(diǎn),雜化軌道的類(lèi)型和簡(jiǎn)單分子的空間構(gòu)型關(guān)系。

              (六)分子間力

              了解化學(xué)鍵的極性和分子的極性;

              理解掌握分子間的三種作用力與分子極性的關(guān)系,分子間力,氫鍵的形成及對(duì)化合物某些性質(zhì)的影響;

              能運(yùn)用分子間的作用力說(shuō)明物質(zhì)的熔沸點(diǎn)和溶解度的變化規(guī)律。

              第五章:配位化合物

              (一)配位化合物概念

              了解配合物的概念、配合物的組成;

              掌握配合物的命名。

              (二)配合物的價(jià)鍵理論

              了解配位鍵的本質(zhì)、配位鍵的形成條件;

              掌握外軌型配鍵和內(nèi)軌型配鍵的形成。

              (三)配位離解平衡

              了解穩(wěn)定常數(shù)的物理意義;

              理解掌握影響配位平衡的因素,并運(yùn)用配位離解平衡進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單計(jì)算。

              (四)螯合物

              了解螯合物概念

              掌握螯合物的結(jié)構(gòu)特征和螯合劑應(yīng)具備的條件。

              第七章:定量分析化學(xué)概論

              掌握誤差來(lái)源及減免,準(zhǔn)確度及精密度的概念;簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)據(jù)處理方法;有效數(shù)字和運(yùn)算規(guī)則;

              了解提高分子結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確度的方法;

              掌握滴定分析的基本概念、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液濃度的表示方法。學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)滴定反應(yīng)來(lái)確定物質(zhì)的摩爾基本單元。

              了解標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液的配制及標(biāo)定方法。

              第八章:酸堿滴定法

              重點(diǎn)掌握溶液pH值的計(jì)算、強(qiáng)堿滴定強(qiáng)酸和強(qiáng)堿滴定一元弱酸的滴定突躍范圍、影響突躍大小的因素及指示劑選擇的原則;

              能根據(jù)測(cè)定要求的準(zhǔn)確度,考慮能否滴定。

              第九章:配位滴定法

              重點(diǎn)掌握酸效應(yīng)系數(shù)以及控制溶液pH值的重要意義,用條件穩(wěn)定常數(shù)來(lái)判斷配位滴定的可能性,影響EDTA與金屬離子配合物的穩(wěn)定性因素。

              掌握如何選擇合適的滴定條件以使配位反應(yīng)進(jìn)行更完全;

              了解金屬指示劑的特性及如何提高配位滴定選擇性。

              第十章:其他滴定分析法

              了解氧化還原反應(yīng)方向、進(jìn)行的程度、氧化還原滴定曲線及指示劑的選擇;掌握常用的氧化還原滴定法;

              重點(diǎn)掌握銀量法的滴定原理、滴定條件及適用范圍。

              第十一章:吸光光度分析法

              掌握吸光光度法的原理,吸收光譜和溶液的顏色關(guān)系,朗伯-比耳定律及其偏離的原因;

              了解顯色反應(yīng)及影響因素,測(cè)量方法及儀器。

              三、試卷題型

              1、選擇題(50分)      2、是非判斷題(20分)

              3、填空題(50分)      4、計(jì)算題(30分)

               

              四、考試用書(shū)

              《無(wú)機(jī)及分析化學(xué)》,寧開(kāi)桂主編,高等教育出版社

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              http://shzyh.com/news/zhaoshengyuanxiao/">招生院校

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              Line: 284
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              Function: newsInfo

              File: /www/wwwroot/hlszsb.com/index.php
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              Line: 284
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              File: /www/wwwroot/hlszsb.com/app/Controllers/portMember/trmlWeb/Core.php
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              Line: 2501
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              Line: 190
              Function: newsInfo

              File: /www/wwwroot/hlszsb.com/index.php
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              http://shzyh.com/news/fenshuxian/">分?jǐn)?shù)線

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              File: /www/wwwroot/hlszsb.com/app/Controllers/portMember/trmlWeb/Core.php
              Line: 171
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              Line: 2501
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              Function: newsInfo

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              http://shzyh.com/news/chengjichaxun/">成績(jī)查詢(xún)

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              Line: 284
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              Line: 171
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              Line: 2501
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              Line: 190
              Function: newsInfo

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              http://shzyh.com/news/baokaoliucheng/">報(bào)考流程

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              Line: 284
              Function: _error_handler

              File: /www/wwwroot/hlszsb.com/app/Controllers/portMember/trmlWeb/Core.php
              Line: 171
              Function: view

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              Line: 2501
              Function: view

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              Line: 190
              Function: newsInfo

              File: /www/wwwroot/hlszsb.com/index.php
              Line: 294
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              http://shzyh.com/news/zhuanzhengbenpeixun/">升本培訓(xùn)
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